Python
Objects, References and Identity
Everything in Python is an object with a type, an identity and a value. Names are labels bound to objects, and almost every surprising behaviour follo...
Python Internals
Objects and references, identity, shallow and deep copying, reference counting, garbage collection and bytecode.
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Notes
Python
Shallow and Deep Copy
Assignment shares, a shallow copy duplicates one level, and a deep copy duplicates everything. Choosing the wrong one is one of the most common source...
Python
Reference Counting and Garbage Collection
Python frees an object the moment nothing refers to it. A second collector exists solely to find reference cycles, which counting alone can never recl...
Python
Bytecode and the Execution Model
Compilation, the code object, the stack machine and the frame. A closer look at what the interpreter is actually doing while your program runs.