Python
Dates and Times: datetime, time and calendar
datetime handles calendar dates and clock times, timedelta handles durations, strftime and strptime convert to and from text, and time zones are where...
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Python
os, sys and the Runtime Environment
sys is about the running interpreter - arguments, streams, paths and exit. os is about the operating system - environment variables, processes and the...
Python
The collections Module
Six specialised containers that solve problems the built-in types solve awkwardly: counting, grouping, queues, records, and layered lookups.
Python
itertools and functools
itertools builds lazy iterators for combining and slicing sequences. functools transforms functions themselves - caching, partial application and redu...
Python
enum, copy, pprint, logging and Other Essentials
Five more modules that appear in almost every real program: named constants, safe copying, readable output, proper logging, and identifiers and hashes...
Python
Classes and Objects
A class describes a kind of thing; an object is one of them. Python builds every object the same way, and understanding that removes most of the myste...
Python
self, Methods and Instance State
self is the object the method was called on. Python passes it automatically, and every confusing method error traces back to that one mechanism.
Python
The Four Principles of OOP in Python
Encapsulation, abstraction, inheritance and polymorphism - what each one means in Python specifically, where Python differs from Java or C++, and when...
Python
Inheritance and super()
A subclass gets everything the parent has and can replace any of it. super() calls the parent version, and it is how initialisation chains work.
Python
Special Methods: Making Objects Behave Like Built-ins
Dunder methods let your class work with print, len, +, ==, in, iteration and with. They are how Python asks an object to participate in ordinary synta...
Python
Properties: Getters and Setters Done the Python Way
@property turns a method into an attribute. It lets you start with a plain attribute and add validation later without changing a single line of callin...
Python
Class Methods and Static Methods
An instance method receives the object, a class method receives the class, and a static method receives neither. Each exists for a different job.