HTML
Character Encoding and the Viewport Meta Tag
Two lines that every page needs. One decides whether your text is readable at all, the other decides whether your page works on a phone.
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HTML
Meta Description, Robots and Canonical
Three head entries that shape how a page appears in search results, whether it is indexed at all, and which URL gets the credit.
HTML
Open Graph and Social Sharing Metadata
Control what appears when your page is shared in a chat, a feed or a message. Without these tags the platform guesses, and it usually guesses badly.
HTML
Favicons and App Icons
The small icon in a tab, and the larger ones a device uses when a site is saved to a home screen. A short modern set replaces the twenty file mess of...
HTML
Three Ways to Attach CSS, and When Each Is Right
External, internal and inline styles. One of them is the answer almost always, and knowing why the other two exist is what tells you when to break the...
HTML
The class and id Attributes
Two ways to name an element, with different rules and different jobs. Choosing correctly makes a stylesheet maintainable and stops the specificity war...
HTML
CSS Selectors Your Markup Makes Possible
The structure you write decides which selectors are available. Attribute selectors, sibling combinators and structural pseudo classes can replace a su...
HTML
Writing Markup That CSS Can Lay Out
Grid and flexbox changed what markup a layout needs. Fewer wrappers, source order that matches reading order, and the reorder trap that breaks keyboar...
HTML
Responsive Design Starts in the Markup
The viewport tag, flexible images, relative units and the mobile first habit. Half of responsive design is decided before a single media query is writ...
HTML
Loading Scripts: defer, async and type=module
Where a script tag sits and which attribute it carries decides whether your page paints in half a second or four. Three loading behaviours, and when e...
HTML
The DOM: What the Browser Builds From Your Markup
Your file is text. The DOM is the live tree the browser built from it, and they are not the same thing. Knowing the difference is what makes debugging...
HTML
Selecting and Changing Elements
querySelector, classList, dataset and the methods that actually get used. The small set of DOM operations that covers most day to day work.